We are proud to present the latest edition of the STIKES Muhammadiyah Ciamis medical journal to our valued readers. This edition features high-quality articles penned by leading experts in the health sector. We believe these articles will inspire, inform, and provide fresh insights for you.

We extend our heartfelt gratitude to all the authors, reviewers, and editorial team members who contributed to this issue. A special thank you to our readers for trusting and appreciating our work. We hope the STIKES Muhammadiyah Ciamis health journal continues to be a valuable resource for disseminating information and knowledge that benefits society.